oϊw҂͎Ȋw҂ł邩̂悤Ȉۂ^邱ƂDށBȂmĂ邩ƂƁAg΂΂U炾Bw̍u`ł́A͈ӎIɌoϊw̕ȊwƂĐ̂ŁAꂩ炮ႮƂwIȖ`ɏôAƍlĎuJnw͂Ȃ낤BLpX̕w̓́AXނ߂eނƌȂĂ邱Ƃmʔ邾낤AX͕Ž҂ɑ΂Ă͒NɂłAoϊw҂Ƃ̂͗_𐔊wImŒ莮AcȌlWc̍s̃f[^ZbgWAĂƂꂽvIȃeNjbNgăoCAXCfIM[ɉeȂoIfɒB̂i͂Ȃƍl邱ƂDނ̂jAƑɎwÊB

AJoςsEo悤ƂĂƂɃVgŌoόږƂ2NԂ߂ŋ߂̌óA}Noϊŵ镔͉ȊwƂĂł͂Ȃނ날̃GWjAOƂĒâAƂƂ߂ĎvNĂꂽB_́AGKgȗ_񏥂]邽߂ł͂ȂA̖邽߂Ƀ}Noϊw҂̐ɑnôB̏A_Xɗ^ۑ͋K͓IɍT߂Ȃ̂ł͂ȂBX̂̕𐶂ݏo̖\\1930N̑勰Q\\́A\L̋K͂́A̗݂ƎƂ̖𔺂oϓI؂łA֒łȂłȂA{`VXȇ"\ɋ^₪悳ꂽ̂B

̏_ł́A}NoϊẘȒPȗjAXŊw񂾂Ƃ̕]Ƌɒ񎦂B̑ÓA̕2ނ̃^Cṽ}Noϊwҁ\\͂̃̕GWjAOƗA͂ނȊwƗĂ\\̓w͂ɂ蔭WĂAƂ̂BGWjAƂ͉̂܂҂BΏƓIɁAȊw҂̖ڕW͂̐Eǂ̂悤ɓ𗝉邱ƂɂB}Noϊw҂̌̏d_͂ӂ‚̖ړI̊ԂhꓮĂB̃}Noϊw҂̓GWjAƂĎۂ̖悤ƂÄł̐\Ñ}Noϊw҂͕�AndojWAjɂMPSiMIT-Penn-Social Science Research CounciljfȂǂB̃f͗\Ɛ͂ɍLpꂽB܂MPSf͒NɓnAMɂ萮A݂łAM̃X^btɂ萮ĂFRB/USf̑OgƂȂB

lXȃf͍וɂĂ͈قȂ̂AقMׂ͂̋ʓ_B̃fׂ͂āA{Iɂ̓PCWAIȍ\Ă̂Bꂼ̃f̐҂̐S̉ɂ́AłwɋĂ铯VvȃfB‚܂AISȐ͋ZƍGDP̍\vfɊ֘AtALMȐ͉ݕւ̎vƋύt鉿ił闘q肵AẴtBbvXȐoςωƂɉiǂ̂悤ɎԂƂƂɔ邩\̂B

ȊwƂčlꍇAuʗ_v͕Oꂽ߂Buʗ_v[ƂȂv́A̍ō̎Ⴂm䂫‚̂Bނ̋ٓIȋƐт͒ZIȌoϕϓ𗝉V@񋟂BT~G\iSamuelson, 1988j́Ȁoɂ‚Ď̂悤ɊȌɗv񂵂ĂBuPCYv20ǏoϊwɂƂčłdȏovB̐S͔ނ̐̑̌oϊw҂ɋLĂB

ȂAPCYv͉Ȋw̔WƂĂ̂ݗׂ̂ł͂ȂBȂ̕ɂāAPCYƃPCWÃf҂̓GWjAIȍlĂ̂Bނ͌̐E̖ɓ˂AЂƂї_\złɂ́AMSɂHɓKp̂BPCYgA1941Nɖv܂ŁAIȃAhoCX̒Ăɐ[֗^ĂBĂ܂AAJ̏̃PCWAlBg[rA\[AGNX^Cׂ͂āA1960Nɂ͑哝̌oώψœ߂ɁA痣ĉ߂BŏII1964Nɒʉ߂PlfB̌ł́AlXȈӖɂĐṼPCWAERZTXƂۉf̒ڂ̌ʂ̂B

VÓTh

1960Ň㔼ɂ́APCWAERZTXɃqrn߂B̃qr͂₪ċTɐAŏIIɂ̓}Noϊw̃RZTX𕲁XɂāA嗬̌oϊwfɑ΂M䖳ɂ邾낤ƎvꂽBɗāAÓTIȌoϊςĂюp̂B

VÓThoϊw̍ŏ̔g̓}l^YŁA̍łȒ񏥎҂~gEt[h}Bt[h}iFriedman, 1957jɂP폊Ɋւ鏉̌́AڂɉݕiCz‚Ɋւ̂ł͂ȂAmɃrWlXTCN_ɉe^̂B͕Iɂ́APCWA̗_Ɛ􏈕̒Sł搔̊bƂȂAPCWȀ֐ւ̍UƂȂBϓ̌EAt[h}̗_ʂɏ̂ł΁A􂪋ύtɗ^éÃPCWAMĂȂ̂ƂȂ̂B

t[h}VciFriedman and Schwartz, 1963j́uMonetary History of the United StatesviAJ̋Zjjł͂蒼ړIɌiCz‚ɂ‚Ę_ĂAĂ܂A̒PCWAERZTXh邪̂BقƂǂ̃PCWÁAoςƂ͓Ƃ̐₦ԂȂωuAj}EXsbgvɖ|M{IɕsȂ̂ƌȂĂBt[h}VćAoς̕s肳͌lÎł͂ȂAނsK؂ȋZɗRƍlׂAƎ̂B̊܈ӂ́APȐ􃋁[ɏ]ƂŒN‚邱ƂȂ̂ł΁A􌈒҂͂ɖׂAƂ̂Bt[h}̒Ăʉ݋ʂ̈萬[́Ał͂킸Ȏx҂Ȃ̂́A͌ݐEȇ̒sō̗pĂCt[VE^[Qbg̏̑OgłB

t[h}1968NɂAJoϊwł̉iFriedman, 1968j́AtFvXiPhelps, 1968jƋɁAPCWÃf̍łア_A‚܂tBbvXȐɂCt[VƎƂ̊Ԃ̃g[hItɑ_߂̂BȂƂT~G\\[iSamuelson and Solow, 1960jȍ~ÃtBbvXȐ́APCYĝł͂ȂƂ͌APCWAERZTẌꕔƂȂĂBT~G\\[͂̃g[hIt͗_Ił邱Ƃ𗝉ĂAނ̘_͂ȂZƒł̓g[hItقȂ蓾邩ɊւxłςBɑ_ł͂܂ɂՂɂxׂ̂ĂYĂ܂̂BtBbvXȐ́AȂisύt邱ƂɎsA܂iŏIIɂǂ̂悤ɒ̂A邱ƂɏɖĂPCWÃf⊮֗ȕ@񋟂̂B

t[h}́ACt[VƎƂ̊Ԃ̃g[hIt́AÓTȟKpA‰ݕłȂ΁Ał͐藧ȂƎ咣BȂg[hItf[^Ɍ邩ƂƁAZł̓Ct[V͂΂Η\Ă炸A܂\ȂCt[V͎Ƃቺ邩炾Bt[h}̓̃JjÝAꕔ̘J҂ɂݕoB}Noϊw̔WɂƂĂdv̂́At[h}҂𕑑̒ɔzuƂB

ɂĐVÓThoϊw̑2̔g̏\\IҊvBA̔ɉe͂̑傫Ș_̒ŁAo[gE[JXt[h}̋c_gBނ́uEconomic Policy Evaluatoin: A CritiqueviLucas, 1976j̒ŁA嗬hPCWÃf͊҂𐳖ʂ舵ƂɎsĂ邽߂ɐ͂ɂ͖ɗȂƘ_B̂߁Ãf\Ă鐄ɂoIȊ֌ẂA֓IȐ􂪎{ꂽꍇA󂷂邱ƂɂȂB[JXiLucas, 1973j͂܂AsSAIҁAюsύt̉ɊrWlXTCN_񏥂B̗_ɂẮAZ͐lXΉiɊւč𐶂Ƃ_ɂĂ̂ݏdvƂȂ̂Bo[iBarro, 1977j́ÃfAJ̎nf[^ƐIł؋񎦂B܂T[WFgEH[XiSargent and Wallace, 1975j́AɂƂďdvȊ܈ӂwEBIȐlX̌nIɋƂ͕s"\Aoς̈ړIƂVXe}eBbNȋZ͎s^ɂAƁB

VÓThoϊw̑3̔ǵALhhvXRbgiKydland and Prescott, 1982jAуOƃvbT[iLong and Plosser, 1983jɂ郊ArWlXTCN_Bt[h}[JX̗_ƓlA̗_܂i͎sꂪύt悤ɒƂ̉\\PCWA̗_Ƃ̍{IɈقȂ\\ɗrĂBVÓTh̐yƂ͈قȂAArWlXTCN_ł́A\ĂȂǂɊւ炸Aoϕϓ̐͂ȂZ̖OĂB_͋Zpiɑ΂郉_ȃVbNƁÃVbNɂNƗ]ɂَ̈_Ԃ̑ւɈڂĂ̂B

VÓThoϊw3‚̔ǧʂƂāA}Noϊw͎̕ɌɁAĎɃ~Noϊw̃c[Ɍѕt悤ɂȂBArWlXTCÑf́AA[hu[̈ʋύt_̌肳ꂽwIȎႾBۂɂ̓_͔ނ̃ÊЂƂ‚̂B₪Ă̌̎x҂́AiCz‚͉ݕIȗ͂ł͂ȂIȗ͂ɂ萶ĂAƂz肩ނǍ̕@_Iȍvn߂悤ɂȂBł́AVÓTh̓`痈}Noϊw҂̑́APCWẢid̉ɂ‚āẢ肪KxɌȁAoώ̂IƒtH[hEbLOł郂fɑgݍ܂ĂAŔskF߂ĂB_̕ω̂߂ɁApꂪBāA݂ł͂̌͂̕΂΁uwImIʋύt_idynamic stochastic general equilibriumjv_ƂOŌĂ΂ĂBǂbɐi߂悤B

VÓTh3‚̔gŏɊC݂ɑł񂹂Ă1970N1980NAނ̖ڕŴЂƂ‚́AÂPCWÃ}NoϊwIfȊwƃGWjAO̗ʂᔻ邱ƂBނ̘_łuAfter Keynesian MacroeconomicsviPCWAoϊw̏IjɂāAT[WFg[JXiSargent and Lucas, 1979ĵ͎悤ɏĂBuɂƂďdvȎ́APCY̒񌾂ɂ́APCY̒񌾂ƔrĂȊwIɂ肵肵b킯ł͂ȂƂƂŁA‚łɌ΁AoϊwIȒ񌾂ƔrĂlvBT[WFg[JX́APCWÃGWjAOׂ͌̂ȊwɈˋĂƍlĂ̂A܂i1979ŃjVÓThɂ́A܂Vg֎čs悤ȃf̏łĂȂƂmĂBuݑ݂ĂłDꂽύtf́ADꂽA킭ΐ̌`ɎۂɎgpł邱ƂؖłÃf̃vg^CvłƉX͍lĂvBނ͂܂_ɂAf́uK^ł10NȓɁvp"\ƂȂ邾낤AƗ\zĂBނ̖]񂾒ʂɗ\zAǂɂ‚ẮAɂ܂ӂ邱Ƃɂ悤B

ɋ‚̈pʂAVÓTh𐄐iĂlX́Aނ̈Ӑ}ɂĉȂA܂BƂɂČłȂB[JX́Awȕ]1980ŃuThe Death of Keynesian EconomicsviPCWAoϊw̎jƂ_ōsĂBu40Έȉ́Ag⎩̌uPCWAvƔFĂoϊw҂ɂ͗ǂ_‚邱Ƃ͂łȂBہAlX͂uPCWAvƌĂ΂ꂽނCQBcł͂͂NPCWA̋󗝋_^Ɏ󂯎炸AO͂ЂЂn߂̂vBǂA[JXKȋCŃPCYoϊwւ̒ǓĂ傤ǂ̂ƂAoϊwE͂܂ɁuVPCYhvŌ}悤ƂĂƂ낾̂B

顧客サービスの監査を実施する方法

VPCYhiThe New Keynesiansj

PCWA̕@_iCz‚ɓKpĂoϊw҂́Aԃ~NIbt̖ɑłꑱĂBۂ̂ƂAu}NoϊwvƂpgƂ̂̂̂̂ЂƂ‚łNC1946N̘_iKlein, 1946ĵ͎悤Ɏn܂ĂBuVJꂽoσVXeɊւ鐔wIf̑AɌiCz—_Ɋւ̂́AׂĂ̌oϊwIȍs̗_̊b`ׂX̉ƌvƂ̍sɁAȂ蔙RƂ֘AtĂȂvBׂĂ̌̌oϊw҂́Ax܂ł͌ÓThƂBX͊FAkɁAœKAύtAšɂ‚ċĂ̂B2‚̌oςɂ‚Ă̍l\\A_EX~X̌AtbhE}[V̎vȐɊAPCY̕s\ȑvɋꂵތoς͂̕ɊĂ\\ǂ̂悤ɒa邩́A}Noϊw•ʂ̕ƂĎn܂Ĉȗ́Ar₦邱Ƃ̂Ȃ[ȉۑ肾B

T~G\AWAjAg[rƂ̃PCWÁAƂɁuVÓTh-PCWAvineoclassical-Keynesian synthesisjƌĂ΂̂ŁA̍l𒲘a邱ƂłƍlĂBoϊw҂́AX~X}[V̌ÓTh̗_͒ł͐APCY`ʂ悤ȒZł͖͌͂ƂȂ蓾AƐMĂ̂B‚̉i\\ɘJ͂̉i\\̒͊ɖɎԂčs邽߁AԂƂȂB̃PCWÁAÓTh̃f͌oςXɔWĂʂƂĂ̋ύtLqĂ邪APCWÃf͉i^Ƃꍇ̔Cӎ_̌oς̂ǂ񋟂ĂƐMĂ̂B

VÓTh-PCWA͎тƂĂA܂RƂĂsSłBׂɑ΂āAVÓTȟoϊw҂pĈꂩVɎn߂悤ƑΉĂAVPCYȟoϊw҂́Aɂ͂܂ۑĂ̂ƍlĂBނ̖ړÍA~Noϊw̓gāÃPCWAɂĒBꂽsȑËĂɁAw̐m^邱ƂBĂ݂΁AVÓTh-PCWA1940NɌĂꂽƂ̂悤Ȃ̂BVÓTh͂̎x̃VXeĎ󂷂Ȃƌ_AŐVPCYh͌ÂǂElZ܎^đK͏CU̗ǂ@ƂƂ炦̂B

uVPCYhvƖtꂽ̍ŏ̔ǵAʕsύtigeneral disequilibriumjɊւ̂iBarro and Grossman, 1971; Malinvaud, 1977jB̗_́Aʋύt͂̓gāAsꂪύtȂꍇ̎žʂ𗝉邱ƂړIƂĂBƉi͏^ƂĂBsŋύtBȂꍇA֘As̎vƋɂǂ̂悤ɉe邩Aœ_̂B̗_ɂƁAǂ̎s̋ߏɂȂAǂ̎s̎vߏƂȂ邩ɂāAoς͂‚̌`ԂɕނłƂBƂ[`ԁ\\XsɊώ@邱ƂɍłǂvƂӖł́\\́AsƘJsꂪɋߏƂȂAuPCWAv`ԂB̃PCWǍ`Ԃł́ÂƂ̒ɂٗpւ̎vSٗpɂ͂܂ɂȂ߂ɁAƂBٗpւ̎vȂȂ̂ƂƁAŊƂ]ނ̏i𔄂邱ƂłȂ߂߂BāAƂ̏iւ̎vs\Ȃ̂́ǍڋqƂĂ邩炾BiČނ⋰Q͕s\Ȏv̈z‚̌ʂłAĎvւ̎h͏搔ʂ𔭊̂B

VPCYh̑̔ǧ́AsύtOƂȂfɂčI҂̊TOǂ̂悤ɗp邩Aɂ‚Ė炩ɂ邱ƂړIƂĂBʂł́Ǎ͍I҂ɂւ炸VXe}eBbNȋZ􂪂ǂ̂悤Ɍoς艻邩ƂŁitBbV[AFisher, 1977jAT[WFgEH[X̋Z͖łƂ̌_ɉ̂B܂ʂł́Ǎ͌oIɑÓȃCt[V̓w‚悤Ƃ]ɓ@tĂieC[ATaylor, 1980jB̌̃ALXF́AoIɂ͐꓾Ƃ͌A~Noϊw̌Ƃ͂ƂĂvJ_`Ԃ肵ĂƂB

ɑ̃PCWA̓`AƉisŋύt邱ƂɎsƂɈˋĂ߁AVPCYh̑O̔ǧ́AȂꂪN̂邱ƂړIƂĂBlXȉ؂ꂽB́AƂ͉iύXۂɁuj[RXgvɒʂĂ̂AƂ̂łAƂ͘J҂̐Yコ邽߂ɋύtxuIvxĂ̂AƂ̂łA܂Ɖiݒ肵ĂlX͊ȍEĂ̂AƂ̂ł肵B}L[iMankiew, 1985jAJtƃCFiAkerlof and Yellen, 1985j́AƂsxz͂ꍇɂ͉i̒ɊւȐlƎЉ̔p։v\傫邽߁AЉIɂ͋]傫ꍇłĂAdiɂύt͌lɂƂĂ͍Ii͂قƂǍIjƂȂ蓾邱Ƃ𖾂炩ɂBuV[ƐiBlanchard and Kiyotaki, 1987j́ǍlƎЉ̃CZeBü̘ꕔ͑v̊Ǒʂł邱ƂB‚܂AƂiꍇɂ͎ݕĉŁAЂĂׂ͂Ă̊Ƃ̐iւ̎v邱ƂɂȂ̂B{[ƃ[}[iBall and Romer, 1990j́AiƖډi̍dɂ͔ɋ␫邽߁AΉi̕ω悤Ƃ邢ȂUAډiω̒x邾낤Ƃ𗧏؂B

UԂĂ݂ƁAlXȐVPCYh̍v́AvꂽA܂ۂɍvlXlĂAƑ݂Ɋ֘AĂđIȂ̂BႦ΁ÄʕsύtɊւ錤܏HƌȂƂɂ͐S䂩̂\\^̉i肷邱ƂŎł̎vOBĎہAł͕͂̌Xgł͂߂ɂڂɂȂBǂ܂AiƎvύt悤ɓƂȂꍇɌoς͂ǂ̂悤ɓ̂Aɂ‚Ă̊֘Aɂ́AiW邱Ƃł̂B

Ⴆ΁AVPCYhoϊw̑ƑO̔g̊Ԃɂ́A[AقƂǒڂ邱Ƃ̂Ȃ֘AB̓Iɂ́AO̔gA̔gŋꂽPCWA`Ԃ̏dv𗧏؂̂ƌȂAƂƂBƂsxz͂ꍇɂ́AiEpݒ肷邽߂ɁAƂ͏Ɏł葽𔄂낤Ɩ]ނƂɂȂB‚܂AׂĂ̊Ƃx̎sxz͂ꍇAs͒ʏ͉ߏ苟̏Ԃɂ邱ƂɂȂ̂B̍s̗_́Af̂悤ȋύt𔺂Js̗_Ƃ΂Αgݍ킹B̏ꍇAuPCWAv`Ԃ̈ʓIȋߏ͂̂ЂƂ‚̉"\ł͂ȂAoςɂT^IȏԂƂȂ̂B

̔fł́Aǂ̂Ƃ낱̎O‚̐VPCYȟ̔ǵAZɂ}NoϓIȎۂł̌̓̎sɁAт~NIȗ_tƂɂȂBX́Aiɍdꍇɂǂ̂悤ɕ̎sꂪ݂ɍpA҂ǂ̂悤Ȗʂ邩Aĉiݒ҂iω邩ǂIۂɒʂCZeBuɂ‚ėĂBȊwƂĂ݂ꍇǍ͑傫Ȑ߂iƂ͂Ǎ̎Q҂ƂāA͊SɋqϓIłƎ咣邱Ƃ͂łȂjB̌͊vIł͂ȂA낤ƂĂȂBނ딽vIƂB̖ړIAVÓTh̖ҍUVÓTh-PCWÃGbZXhq邱Ƃɂ̂B

̌̓GWjAOƂĂƂ邾낤H͐Ď҂ɁAiCz‚ɂ肭Ώi񋟂낤H̔f͂܂mIȂ̂ɂȂȂɈႢȂ\\ɂ‚Ă͂ɂ܂ӂ悤B

ḾׂACƂāAVÓTh̓`̒ŌĂoϊw҂AVPCYh̓}Noϊw̃GWjAɂȂ肽ĂƂBVÓThh̐擱҂̒ŁAwIE𗣂ꍑ̏dvȐEɏA҂́Ai̒mjlȂBΏƓIɁAVPCYh̃[uǵAɐ旧̃PCWAƓlAۉ̓oĐNƂ̎sʼn߂lXłςBƂāAX^[EtBbV[A[ET}[YAWZtEXeBObcAWlbgECFAWEeC[A`[hEN_AxEo[iLAĎBŏ̎ll̓NgɃVg֍sA̎ll̓ubVゾBVÓThƐVPCYh𕪂uĂ̂́A{Iɂ́AIȉEhEhł͂ȂB͂Ȃ̒x܂ŁAȉȊw҂ƌoϊwIGWjÄႢɂ̂Ȃ̂B

]kƐh煂Ȕ]

̌oϐɊւ闝_ƌoImƂ͂̏_͈̔͂𒴂邪Ãe[}1990Nʂă}Noϊw҂̋傢Ɏ䂫‚ƂwEĂƂ͗Lv낤B̃e[}Ɋւ錤́A̔IO̒aȗƃ}Noϊw̕ŎxzIAŽoϕϓ֐SD̂B

̎vȕւƑ䓪R͂‚BɁA|[E[}[iPaul Romer, 1986jɂe͂̑傫A̘_AԈႢȂoϊwɂł؎Șb̂ЂƂ‚łAx߂鍑ƕn̊Ԃ̑傫Ȋu𕪐͂邽߂̐VACfAƓĈꎮ񋟂ƁBɁA۔rf[^"\ɂȂ߁A֓Iȗ_̗LnIɒ邱Ƃ"\ƂȂƁiSummers and Heston, 1991jBO_ڂƂẮA1990ÑAJoςjłɂԍDiCoĂƂB̃PCWAǍNԂɒړIɊ֘A邽߂ɂ̕Ɏ䂫tꂽ̂ƓlɁA1990ŇoϏ󋵂́A̎̌oϊwkɂ͂iCz‚͎ۓIɏdvłȂƂ̂B

Ă܂ĺA1990N̐Vĩ}Noϊw҂Žoϕϓł͂Ȃ̐Ɏ䂫tꂽAȗRBVÓThƐVPCYh̐Eςɂْ֌WBVÓTh̐擱IȌoϊw҂ł[JXulX͂͂PCWA̋󗝋_^Ɏ󂯎ĂȂvƐ錾ŁA擱IȃPCWA܂lɐVÓTh̓Ă̂B1980NɂAJoϊwł̉ɂāA\[iSolow, 1980j́AVÓTȟoϊw҂Ɖi̍d̑zsꂪύtȂ"\rĂ邱ƂAunĂقnjIvƌĂ񂾁Bނ͂̂Bu͈ȑOAL\ȗʂ̌tǂ̂悤ɓ܂ʼn^яグĂ̂ɂ‚Ă͂܂𖾂ĂȂƓǂ񂾂ƂBÂɃL͒ĂȂ̂Aƌ_tlX邾낤Ƃ͂܂złȂvB

̐ÑAzENC}[Ƃ̃C^r[iArjo Klamer, 1984jɂāA[JX͎̂悤ɉzĂBúA\[ɊւẮAW[NȊOɂ̖ɂ‚Đ^ɎgƂĂƂ͎vȂvB{̃NC}[ɂʂ̃C^r[ł́A\[VÓTȟoϊw҂Ƃ荇Ƃ̗JTɂ‚ĂĂBuNĂꏊɕʂ̒NĂāA‚̓i|IE{ipgƖlɌƂzĂB‚ɊւĖlłƂ́AAEXebc̐킢ɂR̐pɂ‚Ă̋ZpIȋc_Ɋ܂邱ƂBȂ΁Al͔ނi|IE{ipgƂQ[ɈÖق̂Ɋ܂ꂽƂɂȂ񂾂vB

Ӗł́A̘_́A̖̕ڕWɊւA句҂̈قȂ̂̌𔽉fĂB[JX́AVÓThoϊw񋟂镪͓I\[ɕ]ĂȂƂĂ悤ɌB\[́Aꔄłsύt̑z肪Ɍ邱Ƃ[JXFĂȂƂĂ悤ɌBǂ̌ƂBȊwIȌńAVÓTh񋟂w̌ɂ͂ƂĂ͂BGWjAǑńA̒ljꂽɗvRXg͕Sɂ͏d悤Ɏv̂B

̋c_̖{ɂ̂́AꂪȊw҂ƃGWjÅԂْ̋֌W𔽉fĂ邩炾łȂǍoϊw҂̑IĂ邩炾Bm̋l̊Ԃɂ邠قǂ̐h煂Ȕ]͒ڂW߂Ă܂i傤ǃo[ŏA荇̌܂͂݁A҂̂ƓlɁjB̓}Noϊw̕ɂƂČSȂƂł͂Ȃ̂BׂƂł͂ȂA̎Ⴂoϊw҂͔ނ̋̑ΏۂoϓIȕϓʂ̃e[}ɈڂƂɂāA̘_̂ǂ炩Ɍꂷ邱Ƃ̂B

どこに行くと在庫を調べることができます

VAƂ틦H

ÂiHAȊw͑ɂiBł͕ώLтŁAiʂɂ͌邪j萳m낤BȊw͈ނɂiAƁB}NoϊwɂẮAÂ̎句҂ނނɋ߂Â̂ŁAVgɒႢ̃}Noϊw҂Ɠւ̂BɁAoϕϓ𗝉ŗǂ̕@ɂ‚Ă̐VRZTXサB}[rEObhthƃo[gELOiMarvin Goodfriend and Robert King, 1997j́ÃRZTX̍luVEVÓThvithe new neo classical systhesisjƌĂ񂾁B̑f́AZɊւ錤ŕLKpĂiClarida, Gali, and Gertler, 1999; McCallum and Nelson, 1999jB̐V̍łL͈͂ɂԈ́A}CPEEbhtH[hiMichael Woodford, 2003jɂLOIȁiĂނ݂ɒjy󒍁FuvƂtreatiseɂ́u发vƁu炵ދȐv2‚̈ӖAMankiew͂킴킴in both senses of the wordƒfĂzB

ȑO̐̐VÓTh-PCWAineoclassical-Keynesian synthesisjƓlA̐VAɐsAv[`݂̋Z邱Ƃ݂ĂBVÓTh̃f́AwImIʋύt_idynamic stochastic general equilibrium theoryj̓Ă񂾁BIDAAčœKo_łA͂͂̃~NoϊwIb̏ɒzグ̂BVPCYh͖ڍd݁AgĂȂZ􂪒Zł͎ۂɌʂ̂BłʓIȃAv[`́AifIɂύXłȂƐIƂ肷邱ƂŁAVPCWAEtBbvXȐƌĂ΂邱Ƃ鉿i̓B̑̂Ȃ߂́AoςƂ͉idiƂԂ񂻂̗̑lXȎs̕sSĵ߂Ƀp[gœKEwIʋύtVXełAƂ錩Ȃ̂B

̃RZTX̏o傢ȂOiƕ\邱Ƃɂ͐S䂩̂B‚̓_ł͂܂ɂ̒ʂȂ̂B݂̏󋵂ɂ‚ẮAقNJyϓIłȂB炭AN̂ƂƁA͎ۂɂ͑ł͂ȂAނo̖ʎqۂ‚߂̓PނɑAmI퓬̊Ԃ̒틦肾̂BVÓThƐVPCYĥǂA̐VāA\ʉɉ[Ȕsk𖳎‚‚Ax̏咣ł̂B

̐V̂Ȃ߁\\ڍd𔺂wIʋύtVXe\\́A܂ɏ̃PCWÃfɌôBႦ΁AqbNXIS-LMfĂAPCỸACfAʋύt̐ݒł܂Ƃ߂邱ƂӐ}ĂiqbNX1972Ñm[x܂APlXEA[ƋɈʋύt_ɊւvŎ܂ƂvojBNCAWAjȂ̃f҂́AǂĂ̂߂ɂʋύtVXef[^ɓKp邱Ƃ݂ĂBV͂Ȃ̒x܂ŁA1970N̐VÓTh̋vɂꂽvEグ̂B

ɂȂĎvԂ΁AVÓTȟoϊw҂͔ނ炪񋟂łȏ̂Ƃ񑩂ĂƂ͖炩Bނ炪߂ړÍAPCWA̋_pāA[̂悤f[^ɓKpł͂Ɏgp"\ȁAsύtfƓւ邱ƂB̊ɏƂ点΁AVÓTh̃[ug͎sBނނ́A̖ʂŐVÓThΉ^sĂfɂȍdIȉi肷鑼̐̃fグ̂ɌݎgĂA͂̓Ă̊J菕̂B

ŁAVPCYh͂xٖ̕\Ă邱Ƃ"\BV́A\[unĂقnjIvƌĂсAVPCYh̍dIȉiɊւ錤̉_Asύt̉ĂBƂ͂AVPCYhɂĂAVÓTh̗UfɖAʂƂĂ܂ɒۓIŎHIɂ͕s\vNj_Ŕ꓾̂B|[EN[O}iPaul Krugman, 2000j͐VPCYȟvɂ‚āÂ悤ɕ]ĂBu݂ł́Ai̍dǂ̂悤ɋN邩邱Ƃ͉"\BȂAꂪ‹NĂ‹NȂ̂Ƃ\A܂j[RXg猻IȃtBbvXȐ\z郂fɊւẮAǂ݂Ăꖾ炩ɂȂ悤ɂ͎vȂvBǍɊւłA̕]ɂ͂炩̐^ƔF߂𓾂ȂB

s̎_

_̖邽߂Ƀ}Noϊw҂nôȂ΁AyeŏIIɉX̌oϊwIGWjAOւ̍vɂ‚ĐR邱ƂɂȂ邾낤y󒍁Fye͓V̖ƂĂBuye@RvŌƋgzBł͖₨Bߋ\NԂ̌iCz—_̐iẂAoϐ̍ǂ̂ɂ낤H͂茪ȖڕWݒƂāA}Noϊw̉Ȋw̐íAvZXɂĂIȃGRm~Xgɂoϐ͂̕Ƌc_ǂ̒xω낤H

ւ̓‚ꏊ̂ЂƂ‚ɁA[XEC[iLaurence Meyerjɂ閣͓Iȉژ^łuA Term at the FedvBC[1996NɃVgw̌oϊw̐E𗣂AzoσRT^gƂĘAMiFedj̗6Nԋ΂߂Bނ̒́AZ̏wɂGRm~XgAނ̔Cƌoϕ͂̎g݂ǂ̂悤ɍlĂ̂_ԌĂ̂B

̖{͓ǎ҂ɖmȈۂ炷BߔŃAVÓTh܂͐VPCYĥǂɂiCz—_̔WAقƂǃ[ɋ߂eۂ̐ɗ^ĂȂAƂ̂BC[̌oϕϓƋZɊւ镪͂́AɂȂ܂@ׂł̂A}Noϊw̗_̍Ղ͌ȂB1970N̂Ɏ嗬łVÓTh-PCWAw񂾎҂ɂƂĂ͂قƂNJSɂ݂̂̂łAēȍ~̊wpIȕ͖ꑱ̂BC[̐Eς́AꂪޓL̂̂ł΁Ax̂̂ƂėeՂɋp邱Ƃł邾낤AłȂ̂BEς́AE̒s̍ō̒nʂɂGRm~XgɓT^IɌ̂Ȃ̂B

҂̊Ԃł́A[΍ٗʂɊւ镶AɃLhhvXRbgiKydland and Prescott, 1977jɂĎn߂ꂽԓIɊւ錤ɁAs͋eĂƐM邱ƂsĂB‚̐x̕ύX̊wpIȍvƂĊ֘AtĂB̓j[W[hɌ悤Ȓs̓Ɨ̋łA܂Ȇ̒sɂCt[V^[Qbg̐􃌃W[ƂĂ̗̍pB̐x̕ύX́AlɁAZ̉PɊ֘AtĂB̘_@ɂ΁Aߋ20NԂɑ̍󂵂Ⴍ肵Ct[Vɂ‚āALhhvXRbgɊӂȂ΂ȂȂƂɂȂB

A̎掩^̍l͓‚̖𐶂Ă܂BɁAXώ@̐x̕ύX́ARƂ_IɊ֌WĂȂ̂BƗśA[ɔꂽsƓ̂ł͂ȂBAJ̘AM͈ȑOA􃋁[Ɏ𔛂邱ƂȂAxȓƗۂĂBCt[V^[QeBOłA􃋁[ւ̌Ƃ́Aӂ̕\AіԂƂ̃R~jP[V̎iɋ߂BxEo[iLiBen Bernanke, 2003j͂utٗʁvƌĂłB

́AdvȖƂāA̐x̕ύX́AXڌZ̉PƕK֌WĂȂƂB[XE{[ƃiCAEVF_iLaurence Ball and Niamh Sheridan, 2005j͑̍̎ɒڂACt[V^[QeBO̗̍ṕAߔN̒Ⴍ肵Ct[Vւ̓鏕ɂ͂ȂȂƂBŹACt[V^[Qbg̗płȂPĂ̂B̐EIȃCt[V̌ʂ̉ṔAĚoς1970NɌo悤ȕ̋VbNoȂ߂ꂸA܂Ct[V͍CׂłƂ1970ŇoɃZgoJ[w񂾂߂ȂB̓Ct[V^[QeBO͗ǂZ̕Kvł͂ȂƂĂ̂B

O[Xp̘AM̓_ŎƂȂBAEuC_[ƃJ[hECXiAlan Blinder and Ricardo Reis, 2005y󒍁FReferenceɊY_Ȃzjɂ΁AAEO[Xṕujł̑ȃZgoJ[v̐Ȏi‚ƂBۂ̂ƂA̐ł́AZ͔ނ̎w̉Œ̂Bނ̘AMʂāAO[Xp̓R~bgg_ɉluA􃋁[ɂ‚Ă̂Ȃ\B̑IɊւO[Xpɂٖ͎̂悤Ȃ̂Buꕔ̐lX͐ւ̂̂悤ȃAv[`͂܂ɋKȂƔᔻ\\ӓIŌƂٗʓIłAłƁBނɂ΁AAḾA`IȐ􃋁[̋K݂邱ƂɂẢ^p`IȂ̂Ƃ悤ׂ݂łƂBjɂ邢ȂAv[`oώт̌𓱂낤Ƃ̂AȂA͔ɋ^킵ccB[Ƃ́A{IɒPȂ̂łAoϊ‹ɏdŕω̌sm݂ꍇɂ́Aɂ͂邩ɓKĂ@ǗIȑΉւ̂ł͂ȂvBA􃋁[ւ̃O[Xp̔ɂւ炸Aނ̘AMcݐE͂ƃCt[V͒Ⴍ肵ĂBLhhvXRbgƂ͐΂ɁAO[XṕAsȍٗʓIsgȂ]܂ʂ邱Ƃ"\ł邱Ƃؖ̂B

􂩂̎_

}Noϗ_̎ۂ̉e邱Ƃł鑼̏ꏊƂāA͂̕BubVɂ2001N2003Ňł́AiCނɑ΂ߔN̎ȍh݂̎łƁA܂2Nԑ哝̌oώψ̋cł߂Ɏg̐̊bƂȂoϊwI͂̑ɐʂĂ邱ƂAǂP[XX^fBɂȂBۂ̂ƂAubV̐Ő̍\zɂ͗lXȓ@݂BႦ΁AT̊ǵAoϊwƎЉNwɍ̂B哝̌oώψƍȂ̃GRm~Xg͂̐̍ɑȍvŝŁAނ炪͂̕ɗpc[ɂ‚čl@邱Ƃɂ͈Ӗ邾낤B

ubV̐Ő̌oϊwI͂́A̖ڂŒIȐ‚A̖ڂŒZIȌiCz‚ȂsꂽBIȊϓ_͍ẘwɂ͂Ȃ݂̂̂낤Błڂɒl̂́A2003NɃubVƎ{̏ւ̓dېł̔p~ĂƂBcʉ߂ŏIIȖ@Ă̖͂ړIׂĒBĂ͂ȂAzېł̑啝ȍ팸́A啝ȉېł̒̕ւƌAzɑ΂ۂ̃oCAXAGNCeBt@CiXɑ΂镉‚̃oCAXAƎ{ɑ΂Ǝ{̃oCAXk̂B܂́AłȂɉېłւƐŖ@wB̌҂̖ړI͍ẅꗬ̕iႦ΁ADiamond and Mirrlees, 1971; Atkinson and Stiglitz, 1976; Feldstein, 1978; Chamley, 1986jƐIAoϊwIȗ_ƂēɖڐV̂łȂBAgL\XeBObc30NOɁAłuł͂Ȃւ̉ېłx銵KIȉv݂邱ƂɌyĂ̂B

ȂȀ_ɂ֘ẤAŐ̒ZIȕ͂B2001NɃW[WEWEubV哝̂ɏAƂAoς1990N㔼̊sou̕oČiCނɌĂƂ낾Bł̂ЂƂ‚̖ړI͌iC񕜂ƌٗph邱ƂBubV哝̂2003ŇٗpƐ̂߂̌Œ@iJobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003jɃTCƂAނ͂̐̂悤ɐBulX葽̂ɓ΁Aނ͂mƃT[rXɎgƂłBX̎Љł́Aނ炪ljŃmT[rX]񂾏ꍇɂ́AÑmT[rX𐶎YBĒÑmT[rX𐶎Y΁A͒NE‚₷Ȃ邱ƂӖ̂vB̘_͂܂ɃPCWA̐^B

哝̌oώψ͂̌łǂ̂炢ٗpɉêƐq˂ꂽBX͂̎ɑ΂A嗬̃}NoϊwIȃfpēBɂƂɎgĂf́A[XEC[AMɂȂOɑn݂ČocĂRTeBOt@[́A}NGRm~bNEAhoCU[YЂĂ̂B̃f͎ψƂďACȑO璷炭哝̌oώψ̃X^btɂgĂ̂ŁÂƂAق20NԁAa}Ɩ}̂ǂ̐̂ƂłgĂ̂BȂÃf̑I͌IȖł͂ȂBƂ̂A}NGRm~bNEAhoCU[YЂ̃f́ȂK͂ȃ}NvʃfAႦΘAMɂ萮ĂFRB/USfƓ悤Ȃ̂ł邩炾BmIȗj̊ϓ_炷΁Ãf́ANCAWAjAGNX^Cɂ鏉̃f̓w͂̒ڂ̌n}ɑBVÓThVPCYhɂ錤́Ãf̍\zɊւāAŏ̉e^ĂȂ̂B

集落世界不況の国際銀行

}Noς̐̌́AX̂悤ȁALÂقƂǂwIEʼn߂Ă҂𗎒_̂B߂Aߋ30NԂ̃}Noϊw̌́AZ̎ۂ͂̕ɂ͏ȉe^ĂȂB̗ŔA̕ɂGRm~XgߔN̔Wɖmł͂ȂB܂tɁAAM̃X^btɂ͍ŗǂ̎ႢPh.D邵Aa}Ɩ}̑哝̌oώψ͍ō̌sĂw˔\lXĂ̂BIȃ}NoϊwIۂ̐ɍLpĂȂƂ́Aꂪ̖ړIɂ͂܂ɗȂƂꉞ̏؋ƂȂĂB́AȊwƂĂ͐̂ȂA}Noς̃GWjAOɂ͏dȍv͂ĂȂ̂B

E̎š͂̉LzɁAoϊw̐Ƃ̏i𕝍LOɔ荞Ǝ݂ĂЂƂ‚̏ꏊ\\ww̋BX̂悤ȒIɊwwɍu`Ă҂́A̎dAǂ̌ɂ‚čLsôłƌȂĂBނ̑ÍA̗̐L҂ׂdvȂƂƉXȂĂ邩ɊĂ̂B

肷҂ƓlAww͂Ă_̂߂̗_ɂ͂܂苻ȂB̑ɁAނ́Aۂ̐E͂ǂ̂悤ɓĂ̂A܂͂ǂ̂悤Ɍoϊコ̂A𗝉邱ƂɋĂBw@֐iwČoϊw҂ƂẴLAĂHLȊwAwẃAȊw҂̂ł͂ȂGWjǍ̕Ă̂B]āAXwŵɗp鋳ނɗӂ邱Ƃ͗LvƂȂBāAwōLgĂ鋳ȏ̒gAXĂ邱Ƃɒڂ̕dvȂ̂B

Ⴆ΁Ax̃}NoϊŵɎgĂ{lĂ݂悤BꐢOɂ́A\IȋȏO‹ƂȂ΁Ao[gES[ĥ́Ao[gEz[ƃWEeC[̂́AăhK[Eh[ubVX^[EtBbV[̂̂BA̔グgbv3́AIo[EuV[AAh[EG[xƃxEo[iLAĎɂďꂽȏB6̋ʓ_́AȂƂl̒҂AT~G\\[ɂ}NoϊwI`xzIȁAˏoGWjAO̊wZłMITőw@󂯂_ɂB炷ׂĂ̖{ɂāAwwɋ{Iȗ_͂Ȃ炩̎ނ̑vƑłAđv̊{Iȗ_IS-LMfȂ̂Bl̋ṔAłLgĂVx̌oϊw̋ȏ𐸓ǂ邱Ƃł邱ƂłBŽoϕϓ́AȂ炩̎ނ̐VÓTh-PCWAp邱Ƃōłǂ邱Ƃł̂B

́A̕삪Wɂ‚ċ炪؂ƌ킯ł͂ȂB̋ȏ30NÔ̂ɔׁAÓTh̋Z_A̐Ɋւ郂fAĊ҂̖ɂ‚āAɋĈĂBǂ̐􂪖ړIB邩ɊւmM͍T߂ŁA[Ɋ􂪍ٗʓIȋZĂi􃋁[̎IȏdvɊւ؋ɌĂɂւ炸jBÅwiCz‚̗ɂ‚ĊwԊ{IȘgǵ݂A̐̃PCWAʂĂ낤̂Ȃ̂B

̊ؖÓA1984Nɏołꂽo[gEo[iRobert Barrojɂ̋ȏBo[̖{́AwwɏꂽVÓTh̕@_ɂ閾łƂ‚₷发ƂȂBPCWÃf͎^Ă邪A͌㔼ňĂAZA܂ɋĂȂB̖{oꂵƂ́AȒڂƏ܎^W߂BȂÃ}Noϊw҂o[̖{ǂ񂾂ɂւ炸A̖{wpɑI񂾎҂͂ƏȂ̂Bo[]񂾋番ɂVÓTh̊v͐邱Ƃ͂ȂA܂o[̋ȏ͓xzIȏ̒nʂƂȂ̂B

}Noϊw̋番ɂv̕ś݂AIOɋNƂƒΏƂ𐬂ĂBwwɃPCYvЉ邱ƂړIƂT~G\̋ȏ1948NɏołꂽƂAE̋t͂΂₭܂SӁAV@_Ŏ󂯓ꂽ̂BΏƓIɁAVÓThƐVPCYh̍ĺAwwǂ̂悤ɋ̂ɂ‚āA{IɕύX邱Ƃ͂Ȃ̂B

҂͌Ȃ

WECi[hEPCYiJohn Maynard Keynes, 1931ĵ悤ɏqׂƂ͗ǂmĂBuoϊw҂ƂāAނ玩g҂ƓxŌŗL\łƍl邱ƂłƂA͑f炵Ƃ낤vBނ́AȊwƂẴ}NoϊwA֗œIȃGWjAOɔWłAƂ]\Ă̂B̖̃[gsAł́AiČނ邱Ƃ͒̌𖄂߂̂Ɠ炢eՂƂȂ̂낤B

ߋ\N̊wIȃ}NoϊwɂvȔẂA҂Ƃ̗ގ܂萶ݏoȂBVÓThƐVPCYȟ́AZƍwƂʓ|ȗɂHIȃ}Noϊw҂ɂƂĂ܂e^ȂBĂ͂܂A̗L҂wւĂƂɋt}Noϐ邻̓eɂA܂e^ȂB}NoϊwIGWjAO̊ϓ_́Aߋ\Ň͕s^ȕ̌Ɏv̂B

Ƃ͂ĂA蒊ۓIȃ}Noϊw̉Ȋẘϓ_́A͂ƍmIɂƂ炦邱ƂłBVÓTȟoϊw҂́AK͂ȃPCWÃ}NoϊwIvʃf₻Ɋ̌EƂɐBVPCYȟoϊw҂́AƉiύt邱Ƃɉ̎ŝAʓIɂ́AZIȌoϕϓ𗝉邽߂ɂ͂ǂ̂悤Ȏs̕sSlΗǂ̂AƂƂǂf񋟂B̓‚̂̂̌̊Ԃْ̋́AɗV̂ł͂ȂAs̐ʂɂƂĂƓlɒmIiɂƂĂ͏dvł邩AYÎȂB

̌ʂƂēꂽm͌ݔW̐VɑgݓAĂ͂₪Ď̐̃}NoϊwIf̊bƂȂ邾낤BȊwƂāA܂GWjAOƂă}NoϊwɊ֐S‰X͊FAŋ߂̐V̏oA̗̖ʂł̐iW"\ƂL]ȒƂėłBAŗL\ł邱Ƃ͈ˑRƂă}Noϊw҂ڎwׂzƂĎĉB

References

Akerlof, George A. and Janet L. Yellen. 1985. "A Near-Rational Model of the Business Cycle with Wage and Price Inertia." Quarterly Journal of Economics. Suppl., 100, pp. 823-838.

Atkinson, A.B., and J.E. Stigltiz. 1976. "The Design of Tax Structure: Direct versus Indirect Taxation," Journal of Public Economics 6, pp. 55-75.

Ball, Laurence, and David Romer. 1990. "Real Rigidities and the Non-Neutrality of Money." Review of Economic Studies. 57:2, pp. 183-203.

Ball, Laurence, and Niamh Sheridan. 2005. "Does Inflation Targeting Matter?" in Ben S. Bernanke, and Michael Woodford, editors, The Inflation-Targeting Debate, University of Chicago Press.

Barro, Robert. 1977. "Unanticipated Money Growth and Unemployment in the United States." American Economic Review. March, 67:2, pp.101-115.

Barro, Robert J. and Herschel Grossman. 1971. "A General Disequilibrium Model of Income and Employment." American Economic Review. March, 61:1, pp. 82-93.

Bernanke, Ben S. 2003. "Constrained Discretion and Monetary Policy," Remarks before the Money Marketeers of New York University, New York, New York, February 3, 2003.

Blanchard, Olivier Jean and Nobuhiro Kiyotaki. 1987. "Monopolistic Competition and the Effects of Aggregate Demand." American Economic Review. September, 77:4, pp. 647-666.

Breit, William, and Barry T. Hirsch. 2004. Lives of the Laureates, 4th edition, Cambridge, MA: MIT press.

Chamley, Christophe.1986. "Optimal Taxation of Capital Income in General Equilibrium with Infinite Lives." Econometrica. May, 54:3, pp.607-622.

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali and Mark Gertler. 1999. "The Science of Monetary Policy: A New Keynesian Perspective." Journal of Economic Literature. December, 37:4, pp. 1661-1707.

Diamond, Peter A. and James A. Mirrlees. 1971. "Optimal Taxation and Public Production II: Tax Rules." American Economic Review, June, 61:3, pp. 261-278.

Feldstein, Martin. 1978. "The Welfare Cost of Capital Income Taxation," Journal of Political Economy, April, 86:2, Part 2, pp. S29-S51.

Fischer, Stanley. 1977. "Long-term Contracts, Rational Expectations, and the Optimal Money Supply Rule." Journal of Political Economy. February, 85:1, pp. 191-205.

Friedman, Milton. 1957. A Theory of the Consumption Function. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Friedman, Milton. 1968. "The Role of Monetary Policy." American Economic Review. March, 58:1, pp. 1-17.

Freidman, Milton and Anna Jacobson Schwartz. 1963. A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Garfield, Eugene. 1990. "Who Will Win the Nobel Prize in Economics? Here a Forecast Based on Citation Indicators." Current Contents 11, Institute for Scientific Information.

Goodfriend, Marvin and Robert King. 1997. "The New Neoclassical Synthesis and the Role of Monetary Policy," NBER Macroeconomics Annual, pp. 231-283.

Greenspan, Alan. 2003. "Monetary Policy under Uncertainty," Remarks at a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, August 29, 2003.

Hicks, John R. 1937. "Mr. Keynes and the 'Classics.'" Econometrica. April, 5:2, pp. 147-59.

Hume, David. 1752. "Of Money," in Essays. London: George Routledge and Sons.

Keynes, John Maynard. 1931. Essays in Persuasion. New York: Norton.@yPCYSW9^ApSǂނƂ"\̂悤z

Klamer, Arjo. 1984. Conversations with Economists. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld.

Klein, Lawrence R. 1946. "Macroeconomics and the Theory of Rational Behavior." Econometrica. April, 14:2, pp. 93-108.

Krugman, Paul. 2000. "How Complicated Does the Model Have to Be?" Oxford Review of Economic Policy 16, No. 4, pp. 33-42.

Kydland, Finn, and Edward C. Prescott, 1977. "Rules Rather Than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans," Journal of Political Economy, June, 85:3, pp. 473-492.

Kydland, Finn, and Edward C. Prescott. 1982. "Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations." Econometrica. November, 50:6, pp. 1345-1371.

Long, John. B. and Charles Plosser. 1983. "Real business cycles." Journal of Political Economy. February, 91:1, pp. 39-69.

Lucas, Robert E, Jr. 1973. "Some International Evidence on Output-Inflation Tradeoffs." American Economic Review. June, 63:3, pp. 326-34.

Lucas, Robert E. Jr. 1976. "Econometric Policy Evaluation: A Critique." Carnegie Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy. 1, pp. 19-46.

Lucas, Robert E., Jr. 1980. "The Death of Keynesian Economics." Issues and Ideas (University of Chicago, Chicago, IL). Winter, pp. 18-19.

Lucas, R.E. Jr. and T.J. Sargent. 1979. "After Keynesian Macroeconomics." Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review. Spring, 3:2, pp. 1-16.

Malinvaud, Edmund. 1977. The Theory of Unemployment Reconsidered. Oxford: Blackwell.

Mankiw, N. Gregory. 1985. "Small Menu Costs and Large Business Cycles: A Macroeconomic Model of Monopoly." Quarterly Journal of Economics. May, 100:2, pp. 529-537.

McCallum, Bennett T., and Edward Nelson. 1999. "An Optimizing IS-LM Specification for Monetary Policy and Business Cycle Analysis." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. August, 31:3, Part 1, pp. 296-316.

Meyer, Laurence H. 2004. A Term at the Fed: An Insider's View. New York: Harper-Collins.

Modigliani, Franco. 1944. "Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money." Econometrica. January, 12: 1, pp. 45-88.

Phelps, Edmund. 1968. "Money Wage Dynamics and Labor Market Equilibrium." Journal of Political Economy. July/August, 76:4, pt. 2, pp. 678-711.

Pigou, Arthur. 1927. Industrial Fluctuations. London: Macmillan and Company.

Quandt, Richard E. 1976. "Some Quantitative Aspects of the Economics Journal Literature." Journal of Political Economy. August, 84:4, pt. 1, pp. 741-55.

Romer, Paul. 1986. "Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth." Journal of Political Economy. October, 94:5, pp. 1002-37.

Samuelson, Paul A. 1948. Economics: An Introductory Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Samuelson, Paul. A. 1988. "Keynesian Economics and Harvard: In the Beginning." Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs. July/August, 31, pp. 32-34.

Samuelson, Paul A. and Robert M. Solow. 1960. "Analytical Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy." American Economic Review. May, 50:2, pp. 177-194.

Sargent, Thomas J. and Neil Wallace. 1975. "Rational Expectations, the Optimal Monetary Instrument, and the Optimal Money Supply Rule." Journal of Political Economy. April, 83:2, pp. 241-54

Solow, Robert M. 1980. "On Theories of Unemployment." American Economic Review. March, 70:1, pp. 1-11.

Summers, Robert and Alan Heston. 1991. "The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988." Quarterly Journal of Economics. May, 106:2, pp. 327-68.

Taylor, John B. 1980. "Aggregate Dynamics and Staggered Contracts." Journal of Political Economy. February, 88:1, pp. 1-23.

Woodford, Michael. 2003. Interest and Prices. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 26

y҂̎ӎz
|~X{̂ȂƂwE̕X֊ӂ܂B
tߖ䂳
w҂̗
Rhythm_Nation
Ƃ

肪Ƃ܂B
܂A܂̃RgXAuOŌyĂXւӂ܂B肪Ƃ܂B
svnseeds
yNjLiOct24, 2006jz hicksianlbgŃ_E[h"\Ș_̏Ă̂ōXȂupdateBhicksian񂠂肪Ƃ܂B